Establishment and spread of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Greece: based on contributions from citizen scientists

Abstract Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773), also known as the harlequin ladybird, is an invasive non-native species intentionally introduced to many countries a biological control agent of agricultural pests. In Greece, H. was first in 1994, with releases taking place between 1994 and 2000. For years there no evidence indicate that had established self-sustaining populations. 2008, citizen science campaign initiated aimed at raising awareness regarding status farmers agronomists. The did not yield results, it discontinued 2011. During this study, distribution, phenology, presence different habitat types protected areas Greece are investigated, using both data literature records. Records from iΝaturalist, Alientoma database social media examined herein demonstrate has been since 2010. currently present 13 administrative districts most them considerable distance initial release sites. ladybird urban habitats well seventeen NATURA 2000 adverse socioeconomic environmental impacts briefly discussed alongside suggestions for management activities. Based on our findings, we propose establishment national monitoring scheme native ladybirds will encourage public participation recording observations provide information spread impact species.